Android: what is this operating system and how it is structured from the inside

When you pick up a smartphone based on Android, you interact not just with hardware, but with an entire ecosystem that runs on billions of devices around the world. But what's really hiding behind this green robot? Why Android has become synonymous with the mobile revolution, overtaking competitors like iOS or legacy platforms like Windows Phone?

This operating system developed by the company Google (although it was originally created by a startup Android Inc.bought by the giant in 2005 year), today controls not only smartphones, but also tablets, smart watches, TVs, car multimedia systems and even refrigerators. Its main advantage is openness: unlike a closed ecosystem, Apple, Android allows manufacturers to adapt the system to their hardware, and developers to create applications with minimal restrictions.

However, behind this flexibility lies also difficulties: fragmentation of versions, problems with updates, security vulnerabilities. In this article we will break down the atoms - from the core to the top layer of the interface, we will talk about how the system has evolved since 2008, and why even 18 years after the release it remains the market leader. Android to atoms - from the nucleus Linux to the top layer of the interface, we’ll talk about how the system has evolved since 2008, and why even 18 years after its release it remains the market leader.

1. Android architecture: what the system consists of

If you imagine Android as a multi-storey building, then each “floor” is responsible for certain functions. The system architecture is built on five key levels, where the lower layers support the operation of the upper ones. Let's look at them from bottom to top:

• 🔧 Linux kernel —the basis of everything. Responsible for managing memory, processes, device drivers and security. It is thanks to it that Android can work on a wide variety of hardware - from budget smartphones to flagships.
• 📦 Libraries and runtime. Here live ART (the application runtime environment that replaced the outdated Dalvik in 2014), libraries for working with graphics (OpenGL ES), media (Media Framework) and network protocols.
• 🤖 Android Runtime —a virtual machine that executes code for applications written in Java or Kotlin. From version Android 5.0 Lollipop uses ARTwhich compiles applications into machine code in advance (AOT), and not on the fly (JIT), as before.
• 📱 Application Framework is a set of APIs that developers use to access system functions: from managing contacts to working with the camera. This layer ensures that the application for Samsung will also work on Xiaomi.
• 🎨 Applications and interface live. Interesting fact: despite the fact that. The top layer that the user sees: launcher, system utilities, store Google Play and third-party apps. This is where shells from manufacturers like One UI (Samsung) or MIUI (Xiaomi).

Interesting fact: despite the fact that Android is built on Linux, it is not a full-fledged Linux system. For example, there is no standard shell bash, and many commands work differently. But the system inherited from Linux reliability, multitasking and support for multi-user mode (although it is rarely used on smartphones).

2. Android versions: from 1.0 to 15 - the evolution of the system

Since 2008, when it was released Android 1.0 (no name, just “Android”), the system has come a long way. Each major release was named after a dessert (the tradition was interrupted in 2019 with the release of Android 10). Here are the key milestones:

Version	Codename	Release year	Main innovations
1.5	Cupcake	2009	Widgets on the desktop, video recording, copy/paste
2.3	Gingerbread	2010	NFC support, improved keyboard, energy management
4.0	Ice Cream Sandwich	2011	Combining versions for smartphones and tablets, new design Holo
5.0	Lollipop	2014	Design Material Design, ART instead Dalvik, notifications on the lock screen
10	—	2019	Dark theme, navigation gestures, restrictions for applications in the background
14	Upside Down Cake	2023	Support for folding devices, improved privacy, dynamic wallpaper

In 2026, the current version is Android 15, which focuses on AI optimizations, improved multitasking for foldable devices, and new APIs for gaming app developers. However, most users still use older versions - due to slow updates from manufacturers.

⚠️ Warning: If your smartphone was released before 2020, there's a good chance it no longer receives security updates. This makes the device vulnerable to new viruses and attacks. Check that the firmware is up to date in the settings (Settings → System → Software update).

3. Openness vs closedness: why Android is not as open as it seems

One of the main advantages Android is open source code. Theoretically, anyone can download AOSP (Android Open Source Project), modify it and release your own firmware. In practice, everything is more complicated:

• 🔓 Google Mobile Services (GMS). In order for the device to have access to Google Play, YouTube, Gmail and other services, the manufacturer must obtain a license from Google. This is paid and imposes restrictions (for example, a ban on forks like Huawei AppGallery).
• 📱 Manufacturers modify the code. Companies like Samsung or Xiaomi add their own shells, which are often “heavier” than the stock one Android and slow down updates.
• 🔒 Closed drivers. Even if you take the source code AOSP, the camera, modem or GPU will require proprietary drivers, which manufacturers do not always publish.

Therefore, “clean” Android can only be seen on devices Google Pixel or in custom firmware like LineageOSAll other smartphones run on modified versions, which leads to fragmentation - one of the main problems of the platform.

4. Security in Android: myths and reality

Many believe that Android is less secure, than iOS, and partly this is true - but not because of the system itself, but because of its openness and user actions. Here are the key security aspects:

• 🛡️ Sandbox. Each application runs in an isolated environment and cannot access data from other apps without explicit permission.
• 🔑 Permissions. From version Android 6.0 Marshmallow the user can flexibly manage application rights (for example, deny access to geolocation).
• 🔄 Monthly patches. Google releases security updates, but their distribution depends on the manufacturer and telecom operator.
• 🦠 Google Play Protect. Built-in antivirus that scans applications for malicious code.

However, there are also vulnerabilities:

• 📦 Third-party stores. Installing APK from unknown sources (Settings → Security → Unknown sources) can lead to infection.
• 🕵️ Spyware applications. Some apps (especially from China) collect user data even without explicit consent.
• 🔄 Update delays. Manufacturers often delay releasing patches, leaving users without protection.

⚠️ Attention: If you use your smartphone without security updates for more than a year, the risk of virus infection increases. 3–5 times. This is especially true for devices on Android 9 and belowwhere there are no modern security mechanisms.

How to check if your smartphone is receiving security updates?

Open Settings → System → Software update and see the date of the last one patch. If it is older than 3-6 months, your device is vulnerable. You can also check the model on the manufacturer’s website - sometimes updates arrive, but are not installed automatically.

5. Android vs iOS: who is better in 2026

Eternal holivar: what to choose - Android or iOS? The answer depends on your priorities. Let's compare the key aspects:

Criterion	Android	iOS
Customization flexibility	✅ Full customization (launchers, widgets, themes)	❌ Limited capabilities (only what Apple allows)
Updates	❌ Depends on the manufacturer (often delayed)	✅ 5–7 years of support for all devices
Ecosystem	✅ Works with any brands (but fragmented)	✅ Full synchronization with Mac, iPad, Apple Watch
Price of devices	✅ From budget (Redmi) to premium (Pixel, Galaxy S)	❌ Only premium devices (from $700)
Games	✅ More supported controllers, emulators	✅ Best optimization for mobile games (Metal API)

Android wins in flexibility and choice of devices, and iOS —in stability and long-term support. However, in 2026 the gap is narrowing: Google improves updates for Pixel (up to 7 years), and Apple adds more customization (for example, free placement of icons in iOS 18).

6. Custom firmware: why you need them and what are they?

Unhappy with the stock firmware? Do you want to get the latest updates on your old smartphone? Then custom firmware will help you - modified ones? versions Android, created by enthusiasts. The most popular:

• 📱 LineageOS - the successor of the legendary CyanogenMod. Stable firmware without unnecessary software, with regular updates.
• 🔒 GrapheneOS - focus on security and privacy. All removed. services Google, added protection mechanisms against exploits.
• 🎯 Pixel Experience — ported Android s Google Pixel, including branded features like Now Playing (music recognition).
• 🔄 Paranoid Android —known for the function Dynamic Systemthat adapts the interface to the screen size (relevant for folding smartphones).

However, installing custom firmware has risks:

• 🔧 Requires unlocking the bootloader (fastboot oem unlock), which resets the device and may void the warranty.
• 🔋 Some functions (for example NFC or Widevine L1 for Netflix in HD) may stop working.
• 🔄 You will have to install updates manually.

Make a data backup (via TWRP or Titanum Backup)

Check the compatibility of the firmware with the smartphone model

Download the correct version of TWRP (recovery)

Unlock the bootloader (there are instructions on the XDA forum)

Charge your phone to at least 70%-->

7. The future of Android: where the platform is heading

In 2026 Android continues to evolve in several key directions:

• 🤖 Artificial intelligence. Android 15 deeper integrated Google Gemini — AI helps with text generation, battery optimization, and even predicting user actions.
• 📱 Folding devicesThe system adapts to new form factors: improved multitasking, support for two. screens, interface optimization for tablets.
• 🔒 Privacy. New tools for controlling application access to data (for example, Privacy Dashboard with detailed statistics).
• 🎮 Game modeOptimization for cloud gaming (Google Play Games, Xbox Cloud) and reduced input lag.

Also Google working on a project Android Mainlinethat should make it easier to update key system components via Google Play, bypassing manufacturers. This could solve the problem. fragmentation.

⚠️ Attention: Some functions (for example, AI tools) may require new hardware and will not be available on older smartphones. Before updating, check the device requirements on the official website.

FAQ: Frequently asked questions about Android

🔹 Why mine Does your Android smartphone slow down over time?

Main reasons:

• 🗑️ Cluttering of the cache and unnecessary files (clean through Settings → Storage).
• 🔋 Battery wear (when the discharge is below 20%, the system begins to limit performance).
• 📱 Manufacturer’s shell (for example, MIUI or ColorOS over time “fat”).

Solution: try resetting to factory settings or installing a custom one firmware.

🔹 Is it possible to install Android on an iPhone?

Technically it is possible, but it is extremely difficult and impractical. Projects like Project Sandcastle ported Android to iPhone 7, but:

• 🔧 Requires jailbreak and deep knowledge of programming.
• 📱 Not all functions work (camera, Touch ID, mobile communications).
• 🔄 The system will be unstable and slow.

It is better to buy a separate Android smartphone for experiments.

🔹 How to find the Android version on your device?

Go to Settings → About phone → Software information. It will indicate:

• 📌 Android version (for example 14).
• 📌 Build number (for example UP1A.231005.007).
• 📌 Security patch level (for example May 5, 2026).

If your version is older, than Android 12, we recommend updating or considering purchasing a new device.

🔹 Why do some applications not work on my Android?

The reasons may be different:

• 📱 Outdated version of Android (developers often require data-i="252">🌍 Regional restrictions (the application is not available in your country). Android 10+).
• 🌍 Regional restrictions (app not available in your country).
• 🔒 Lack of Google services (on devices like Huawei without GMS).
• 🛠️ Incompatibility with the processor (for example, an application for ARM64 will not launch on the old one ARMv7).

Solution: check the application requirements in Google Play or try installing an older version of the APK.

🔹 How to transfer data from iPhone to Android?

Use the official application Google Switch to Android:

1. Download it to iPhone from App Store.
2. Connect both devices to the same Wi-Fi network.
3. On Android select Copy data during the first setup.
4. Scan the QR code from Android to iPhone.
5. Select data to transfer (contacts, photos, messages).

Alternative: use cloud services (Google Drive, iCloud) or cable connection via an adapter Lightning-to-USB-C.